A prominent author, editor and educator, William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868-1963) is among the most influential African-Americans of the twentieth century. Born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois became the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1895. In 1910, Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). In the course of his long career—as editor of the Crisis, the magazine of the NAACP, sociology professor and lecturer—Du Bois embraced such differing ideologies as equalitarian democracy, pan-Africanism, economic and cultural self-determinism, Marxism and socialism. Throughout his life, he remained a steadfast critic of a society which tolerated discrimination, and he advocated equal opportunity and education as the keys to black advancement. In 1961, at age 93, Du Bois moved to Ghana.